Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) cells display a reciprocal relationship with neighboring niche cells in the bone marrow (BM), particularly vascular endothelial cells (BM ECs). This relationship drives disease initiation, progression, and therapy resistance, but the mechanisms underlying this interaction remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that silencing ephrin B2 (EFNB2) blocked MM cell proliferation and survival in vitro and abrogated MM engraftment and repopulation in vivo. EFNB2 expression is also increased in MM patients with adverse-risk cytogenetics and decreased survival, suggesting an important role for EFNB2 in MM disease progression.
To identify novel regulators of MM pathogenesis, we performed transcriptome analyses of ECs from multiple human tissues and analyzed their capacity to promote MM growth. The EPH receptor, EPHB1, was overexpressed in human ECs that support MM expansion in culture. Silencing EPHB1 expression in ECs using siRNA or a lentiviral shRNA abrogated MM cell expansion compared to EC co-cultures treated with non-targeting shRNA and blocked the expansion of MM cells capable of in vivo repopulation in immune deficient mice. Additionally, transgenic Vk*MYC mice, which develop indolent murine MM through activation-induced deaminase-dependent MYC activation in germinal B cells, displayed increased expression of EPHB1 and EPHB4 in BM ECs compared to wild type BM ECs.
We found that expression of EFNB2, an EPHB1/4 binding partner, is upregulated in 3 human MM cell lines and in primary MM cell populations from patients, whereas other EPHB1/4 binding partners were either not detected or expressed at a low level. shRNA-mediated inhibition of EFNB2 in MM cells blocked MM cell cycling, leading to a near 70-fold reduction in MM cell growth at day 12 of culture, and blunted MM cell repopulation when transplanted into NSG mice. In order to determine the therapeutic potential of targeting EFNB2 in MM in vivo, we transplanted irradiated NSG mice with MM cells and subsequently administered a single chain variable fragment (scFv) targeting EFNB2 on days +4, +6, +10 and +12. Mice treated with the EFNB2 scFv displayed significantly decreased engraftment of MM cells in vivo compared to control mice. MM reconstitution in vivo.
Silencing EFNB2 expression in MM cells downregulated several pathways including those involved in cellular movement, cell death and survival, cellular assembly, cell cycle and DNA repair. Several STAT5 target genes were also downregulated in MM cells treated with shRNA-EFNB2, supporting the notion that STAT5 signaling is activated by ephrin B proteins (Bong et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2007;104(44):17305-17310).
Consistent with these findings, EFNB2 overexpression via dCas9-VPR increased MM cell survival, proliferation and STAT5 phosphorylation. Conversely, silencing EFNB2 decreased STAT5 activation, increased MM apoptosis, and decreased MM proliferation. Importantly, STAT5 inhibition in MM cells overexpressing EFNB2 blocked EFNB2-mediated MM cell proliferation, suggesting that EFNB2-mediated MM growth is dependent on STAT5.
Overexpressing a mutant form of human EFNB2 with GFP replacing the intracellular cytoplasmic PDZ signaling domain did not result in cell growth comparable to overexpressing the full-length EFNB2. Silencing EPHB4, the main EFNB2 binding partner expressed on MM cells, resulted in significant impairment of growth in wild-type MM cells but not those with full-length EFNB2 overexpression. Updated downstream signaling and in vivo data of these will be presented at the meeting.
Interrogation of MM clinical databases, including the Total Therapy studies (Zhan F. et al. Blood. 2006;108(6):2020-2028) and the CoMMpass data (Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation, https://research.themmrf.org/, accessed on 20 October 2021, n = 773 patients), revealed that EFNB2 expression is increased in MM patients with adverse risk cytogenetics, including t(4;14) and gain of chromosome 1q, while lower EFNB2 expression is associated with the more favorable, "standard risk" disease category, hyperdiploid MM. Increased EFNB2 expression is also associated with advanced stage disease and decreased survival in MM patients. Our analyses suggest that EFNB2 signaling represents an important new mechanistic target in MM.
Disclosures
Sasine:Kite Pharma: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; BMS: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau. Schiller:Medimmune: Research Funding; FujiFilm: Research Funding; Agios: Consultancy, Honoraria; Gilead: Research Funding; Daiichi-Sankyo: Research Funding; Jazz: Consultancy; Ono Pharma: Honoraria; Stemline: Research Funding; Amgen: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company, Honoraria; Johnson & Johnson: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; AstraZeneca: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria, Other: Speaker fees, Research Funding; Actuate: Research Funding; Stemline: Speakers Bureau; Mateon: Research Funding; Forma: Research Funding; PreCOG LLC: Research Funding; Samus: Research Funding; Millennium: Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Cyclacel: Research Funding; AbbVie: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Geron: Research Funding; Actinium: Research Funding; Pfizer: Research Funding; Incyte: Other: speaker fees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Karyopharm: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Gamida: Research Funding; AVM Biopharma: Research Funding; CTI: Research Funding; Constellation: Research Funding; Kite, a Gilead Company: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Arog: Research Funding; Cellerant: Research Funding; Janssen: Research Funding; Sangamo: Research Funding; Genentech-Roche: Research Funding; Regimmune: Research Funding; Cellectis: Research Funding; Onconova: Research Funding; Deciphera: Research Funding; Deltafly: Research Funding; Trovagen: Research Funding; Sellas: Research Funding; AltruBio: Research Funding; Glycomimetics: Research Funding; Astellas: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Bristol Myers Squibb: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company, Speakers Bureau; Takeda: Research Funding; Tolero: Research Funding.
